PCR Niki kandi Kuki ari ngombwa?

PCR, cyangwa polymerase urunigi, ni tekinike ikoreshwa mugukomeza ADN ikurikirana.Yatunganijwe bwa mbere mu myaka ya za 1980 na Kary Mullis, wahawe igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel muri Chimie mu 1993 kubera ibikorwa bye.PCR yahinduye ibinyabuzima bya molekuline, ifasha abashakashatsi kongera ADN kuva ku ngero nto no kuyiga ku buryo burambuye.

PCR ni intambwe eshatu zibera mumashanyarazi yumuriro, imashini ishobora guhindura byihuse ubushyuhe bwuruvange rwa reaction.Intambwe eshatu ni gutandukana, guhuza, no kwaguka.
 
Mu ntambwe yambere, gutandukana, ADN ikubye kabiri yashyutswe ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru (ubusanzwe hafi 95 ° C) kugirango isenye imigozi ya hydrogène ifata imirongo yombi hamwe.Ibi bivamo molekile ebyiri za ADN imwe.
 
Intambwe ya kabiri, annealing, ubushyuhe buramanuka bugera kuri 55 ° C kugirango bemere primers guhuza hamwe nuburyo bwuzuzanya kuri ADN imwe.Primers ni uduce duto twa ADN yagenewe guhuza urukurikirane rwinyungu kuri ADN igenewe.
 
Mu ntambwe ya gatatu, kwaguka, ubushyuhe buzamurwa bugera kuri 72 ° C kugira ngo Taq polymerase (ubwoko bwa ADN polymerase) ihuze umurongo mushya wa ADN uhereye kuri primers.Taq polymerase ikomoka kuri bagiteri iba mu masoko ashyushye kandi ibasha kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwinshi bukoreshwa muri PCR.

Nyuma yumuzingi umwe wa PCR, ibisubizo ni kopi ebyiri zintego za ADN zikurikirana.Mugusubiramo intambwe eshatu kumubare wizunguruka (mubisanzwe 30-40), umubare wa kopi yintego ya ADN ikurikiranye urashobora kwiyongera cyane.Ibi bivuze ko nubwo agace gato ko gutangira ADN gashobora kongerwa kugirango habeho amamiriyoni cyangwa na miliyari za kopi.

 
PCR ifite porogaramu nyinshi mubushakashatsi no gusuzuma.Ikoreshwa muri genetics yiga imikorere ya gen na mutation, mubucamanza kugirango isesengure ibimenyetso bya ADN, mugupima indwara zandura kugirango hamenyekane ko hari virusi, ndetse no kwisuzumisha mbere yo kubyara kugirango hamenyekane indwara zishingiye ku ngirabuzima fatizo.
 
PCR nayo yahinduwe kugirango ikoreshwe muburyo butandukanye, nka PCR yuzuye (qPCR), ituma umubare wa ADN upimwa kandi ugahindura inyandiko PCR (RT-PCR), ushobora gukoreshwa mugukomeza RNA ikurikirana.

Nubwo ikoreshwa ryinshi, PCR ifite aho igarukira.Irasaba ubumenyi bwintego ikurikirana hamwe nigishushanyo cya primers ikwiye, kandi irashobora guhura namakosa niba imiterere yimyitwarire idakozwe neza.Ariko, hamwe nubushakashatsi bwitondewe no kubishyira mubikorwa, PCR ikomeza kuba kimwe mubikoresho bikomeye muri biologiya ya molekile.